Operant conditioning Learning Model

Operant conditioning Learning Model

Operant conditioning is a type of learning that occurs when an animal or human forms an association between a behavior and a consequence. This type of learning was first described by psychologist B.F. Skinner, who conducted extensive research on the subject in the 1930s and 1940s.

In operant conditioning, an organism learns to perform a behavior in order to obtain a reward or avoid a punishment. The behavior is considered "operant" because it operates on the environment, producing consequences that can either reinforce or weaken the behavior.

One of the key principles of operant conditioning is reinforcement, which refers to any consequence that increases the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated in the future. There are two types of reinforcement: positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement.

Positive reinforcement occurs when a behavior is followed by the presentation of a desirable stimulus, such as a food reward or praise. This increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated in the future.

Negative reinforcement occurs when a behavior is followed by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus, such as stopping a loud noise or relieving a painful sensation. This also increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated in the future.

Another important principle of operant conditioning is punishment, which refers to any consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated in the future. There are two types of punishment: positive punishment and negative punishment.

Positive punishment occurs when a behavior is followed by the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus, such as a spanking or a time-out. This decreases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated in the future.

Negative punishment occurs when a behavior is followed by the removal of a desirable stimulus, such as taking away a toy or privileges. This also decreases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated in the future.

Operant conditioning has many practical applications in psychology and everyday life. For example, it is often used to shape the behavior of animals in scientific research, as well as in animal training. It is also used in educational settings to encourage academic achievement, and in clinical settings to treat a wide range of psychological disorders.

Overall, operant conditioning is a powerful tool for understanding and changing human and animal behavior. By understanding the principles of reinforcement and punishment, we can effectively shape the behaviors of others and ourselves in order to achieve desired outcomes.

Also Read : Classical Conditioning Learning Model